TY - JOUR

T1 - Predicting outgrowth and inactivation of Clostridium perfringens in meat products during low temperature long time heat treatment

AU - Duan, Zhi

AU - Hansen, Terese Holst

AU - Hansen, Tina Beck

AU - Dalgaard, Paw

AU - Knøchel, Susanne

PY - 2016

Y1 - 2016

N2 - With low temperature long time (LTLT) cooking it can take hours for meat to reach a final core temperature above 53 °C and germination followed by growth of Clostridium perfringens is a concern. Available and new growth data in meats including 154 lag times (tlag), 224 maximum specific growth rates (μmax) and 25 maximum population densities (Nmax) were used to developed a model to predict growth of C. perfringens during the coming-up time of LTLT cooking. New data were generate in 26 challenge tests with chicken (pH 6.8) and pork (pH 5.6) at two different slowly increasing temperature (SIT) profiles (10 °C to 53 °C) followed by 53 °C in up to 30 h in total. Three inoculum types were studied including vegetative cells, non-heated spores and heat activated (75 °C, 20 min) spores of C. perfringens strain 790-94. Concentrations of vegetative cells in chicken increased 2 to 3 log CFU/g during the SIT profiles. Similar results were found for non-heated and heated spores in chicken, whereas in pork C. perfringens 790-94 increased less than 1 log CFU/g. At 53 °C C. perfringens 790-94 was log-linearly inactivated. Observed and predicted concentrations of C. perfringens, at the time when 53 °C (log(N53)) was reached, were used to evaluate the new growth model and three available predictive models previously published for C. perfringens growth during cooling rather than during SIT profiles. Model performance was evaluated by using mean deviation (MD), mean absolute deviation (MAD) and the acceptable simulation zone (ASZ) approach with a zone of ± 0.5 log CFU/g. The new model showed best performance with MD = 0.27 log CFU/g, MAD = 0.66 log CFU/g and ASZ = 67%. The two growth models that performed best, were used together with a log-linear inactivation model and D53-values from the present study to simulate the behaviour of C. perfringens under the fast and slow SIT profiles investigated in the present study. Observed and predicted concentrations were compared using a new fail-safe acceptable zone (FSAZ) method. FSAZ was defined as the predicted concentration of C. perfringens plus 0.5 log CFU/g. If at least 85% of the observed log-counts were below the FSAZ, the model was considered fail-safe. The two models showed similar performance but none of them performed satisfactorily for all conditions. It is recommended to use the models without a lag phase until more precise lag time models become available.

AB - With low temperature long time (LTLT) cooking it can take hours for meat to reach a final core temperature above 53 °C and germination followed by growth of Clostridium perfringens is a concern. Available and new growth data in meats including 154 lag times (tlag), 224 maximum specific growth rates (μmax) and 25 maximum population densities (Nmax) were used to developed a model to predict growth of C. perfringens during the coming-up time of LTLT cooking. New data were generate in 26 challenge tests with chicken (pH 6.8) and pork (pH 5.6) at two different slowly increasing temperature (SIT) profiles (10 °C to 53 °C) followed by 53 °C in up to 30 h in total. Three inoculum types were studied including vegetative cells, non-heated spores and heat activated (75 °C, 20 min) spores of C. perfringens strain 790-94. Concentrations of vegetative cells in chicken increased 2 to 3 log CFU/g during the SIT profiles. Similar results were found for non-heated and heated spores in chicken, whereas in pork C. perfringens 790-94 increased less than 1 log CFU/g. At 53 °C C. perfringens 790-94 was log-linearly inactivated. Observed and predicted concentrations of C. perfringens, at the time when 53 °C (log(N53)) was reached, were used to evaluate the new growth model and three available predictive models previously published for C. perfringens growth during cooling rather than during SIT profiles. Model performance was evaluated by using mean deviation (MD), mean absolute deviation (MAD) and the acceptable simulation zone (ASZ) approach with a zone of ± 0.5 log CFU/g. The new model showed best performance with MD = 0.27 log CFU/g, MAD = 0.66 log CFU/g and ASZ = 67%. The two growth models that performed best, were used together with a log-linear inactivation model and D53-values from the present study to simulate the behaviour of C. perfringens under the fast and slow SIT profiles investigated in the present study. Observed and predicted concentrations were compared using a new fail-safe acceptable zone (FSAZ) method. FSAZ was defined as the predicted concentration of C. perfringens plus 0.5 log CFU/g. If at least 85% of the observed log-counts were below the FSAZ, the model was considered fail-safe. The two models showed similar performance but none of them performed satisfactorily for all conditions. It is recommended to use the models without a lag phase until more precise lag time models become available.

KW - Slowly increasing temperature (SIT)

KW - Low temperature cooking

KW - Fail-safe acceptable zone (FSAZ) approach

U2 - 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.019

DO - 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.019

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 27127839

VL - 230

SP - 45

EP - 57

JO - International Journal of Food Microbiology

JF - International Journal of Food Microbiology

SN - 0168-1605

ER -