Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Research output: Book/ReportPh.D. thesis

Standard

Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. / Jensen, Jannie Krog.

Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2015. 179 p.

Research output: Book/ReportPh.D. thesis

Harvard

Jensen, JK 2015, Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen. <https://soeg.kb.dk/permalink/45KBDK_KGL/fbp0ps/alma99121962488405763>

APA

Jensen, J. K. (2015). Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen. https://soeg.kb.dk/permalink/45KBDK_KGL/fbp0ps/alma99121962488405763

Vancouver

Jensen JK. Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2015. 179 p.

Author

Jensen, Jannie Krog. / Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2015. 179 p.

Bibtex

@phdthesis{db1c670ea7e640e6a92177b91abb2e5b,
title = "Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics",
abstract = "Ultrafiltration and microfiltration operations are applied intensively in thedairy and water cleaning industries. The main capacity limiting factors ofsuch operations are the flux and efficiency decline by irreversible adsorptionof foulants onto the membranes and the efficiency by which the reversiblefouling can be removed/cleaned. The aim of this thesis is to investigate theresidual fouling that is deposited on ultrafiltration and microfiltrationmembranes after usage. The membrane surfaces are investigated usinginfrared spectroscopy with an attenuated reflectance sampling unit and this isthesis work highlights the strengths and weaknesses of using infraredspectroscopy to investigate residual fouling on membranes and in particularthe challenges with the infrared penetration depth when layering in thesamples occurs.Real size production membrane cartridges at different stages of use fromDanmark Protein, Arla amba were the target of the investigations. However,in order to obtain samples sizes that fit in the sampling interface of theinfrared instrument the membranes were dissected into smaller pieces namedcoupons. In total four ultrafiltration membrane cartridges and twomicrofiltration membrane cartridges were investigated with Attenuated-Total-Reflection Fourier-Transform-Infrared (ATR FT-IR) to map theresidual fouling on both types of cartridges. The height of the characteristicamide peaks from proteins were used to determine the relativeconcentrations.The first investigation (Paper I) describes the concentration developmentover the membrane leaves as a function of the distance from the feed inletand the distance from the center permeate tube. A non-homogenousconcentration distribution of residual fouling was observed with the highestconcentration of residual fouling present at the center tube decreasing inconcentration outwards in a flame-like shape. The relative concentrationcalculations are based on the height of the amide II peak (1500-1550 cm-1)which was chosen because it unlike the amide I band has no interference withadsorbed water and other membrane constituents that can interfere with thecomputation.Based on the findings of the first investigation it was decided to develop anew method to evaluate the concentration of the residual fouling on real sizeproduction membranes as current best practice methods rely on univariateheight measurements that supply only information on the targeted residualfouling peak(s). In a second study (Paper II), it was decided to investigate theinfrared data of the membrane by applying multivariate curve resolution(MCR) in order to resolve the residual fouling from the membranecomponents. Indeed the result showed that the MCR model needed threefactors to describe the system, one describing the membrane material(polyethersulfone, PES), and two describing the residual fouling that ispresent on the membrane. The MCR method improved the interpretation ofthe models considerably compared to e.g. PCA or the univariate dataanalysis. However, it also became evident that the penetration depth of theinfrared beam creates additional complexity when measuring semi-solidlayered samples.In order to obtain an overview of the different analysis methods and dataanalysis methods that have been employed by other researchers whenstudying residual fouling on ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes aliterature review was conducted (Paper III). ATR FT-IR turned out to be acommonly used spectroscopic method to evaluate ultrafiltration membranes.The data analysis is most commonly performed univariate by calculatingheight of selected peaks along with identification of different chemicalentities especially when investigating grafting/grafted membranes. Paper IIIgives an overview of these different approaches and data analysis methodsand their results.In conclusion, the research in this thesis has shown how the application ofmultivariate infrared spectroscopy combined with new data analysis methodshas augmented the knowledge about residual fouling on real size productionmembranes. The information obtained can be used to investigate and monitorresidual membrane fouling and help in the design of new membranes andmembrane grafting that can be optimized for the purpose.",
author = "Jensen, {Jannie Krog}",
year = "2015",
language = "English",
publisher = "Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen",

}

RIS

TY - BOOK

T1 - Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

AU - Jensen, Jannie Krog

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - Ultrafiltration and microfiltration operations are applied intensively in thedairy and water cleaning industries. The main capacity limiting factors ofsuch operations are the flux and efficiency decline by irreversible adsorptionof foulants onto the membranes and the efficiency by which the reversiblefouling can be removed/cleaned. The aim of this thesis is to investigate theresidual fouling that is deposited on ultrafiltration and microfiltrationmembranes after usage. The membrane surfaces are investigated usinginfrared spectroscopy with an attenuated reflectance sampling unit and this isthesis work highlights the strengths and weaknesses of using infraredspectroscopy to investigate residual fouling on membranes and in particularthe challenges with the infrared penetration depth when layering in thesamples occurs.Real size production membrane cartridges at different stages of use fromDanmark Protein, Arla amba were the target of the investigations. However,in order to obtain samples sizes that fit in the sampling interface of theinfrared instrument the membranes were dissected into smaller pieces namedcoupons. In total four ultrafiltration membrane cartridges and twomicrofiltration membrane cartridges were investigated with Attenuated-Total-Reflection Fourier-Transform-Infrared (ATR FT-IR) to map theresidual fouling on both types of cartridges. The height of the characteristicamide peaks from proteins were used to determine the relativeconcentrations.The first investigation (Paper I) describes the concentration developmentover the membrane leaves as a function of the distance from the feed inletand the distance from the center permeate tube. A non-homogenousconcentration distribution of residual fouling was observed with the highestconcentration of residual fouling present at the center tube decreasing inconcentration outwards in a flame-like shape. The relative concentrationcalculations are based on the height of the amide II peak (1500-1550 cm-1)which was chosen because it unlike the amide I band has no interference withadsorbed water and other membrane constituents that can interfere with thecomputation.Based on the findings of the first investigation it was decided to develop anew method to evaluate the concentration of the residual fouling on real sizeproduction membranes as current best practice methods rely on univariateheight measurements that supply only information on the targeted residualfouling peak(s). In a second study (Paper II), it was decided to investigate theinfrared data of the membrane by applying multivariate curve resolution(MCR) in order to resolve the residual fouling from the membranecomponents. Indeed the result showed that the MCR model needed threefactors to describe the system, one describing the membrane material(polyethersulfone, PES), and two describing the residual fouling that ispresent on the membrane. The MCR method improved the interpretation ofthe models considerably compared to e.g. PCA or the univariate dataanalysis. However, it also became evident that the penetration depth of theinfrared beam creates additional complexity when measuring semi-solidlayered samples.In order to obtain an overview of the different analysis methods and dataanalysis methods that have been employed by other researchers whenstudying residual fouling on ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes aliterature review was conducted (Paper III). ATR FT-IR turned out to be acommonly used spectroscopic method to evaluate ultrafiltration membranes.The data analysis is most commonly performed univariate by calculatingheight of selected peaks along with identification of different chemicalentities especially when investigating grafting/grafted membranes. Paper IIIgives an overview of these different approaches and data analysis methodsand their results.In conclusion, the research in this thesis has shown how the application ofmultivariate infrared spectroscopy combined with new data analysis methodshas augmented the knowledge about residual fouling on real size productionmembranes. The information obtained can be used to investigate and monitorresidual membrane fouling and help in the design of new membranes andmembrane grafting that can be optimized for the purpose.

AB - Ultrafiltration and microfiltration operations are applied intensively in thedairy and water cleaning industries. The main capacity limiting factors ofsuch operations are the flux and efficiency decline by irreversible adsorptionof foulants onto the membranes and the efficiency by which the reversiblefouling can be removed/cleaned. The aim of this thesis is to investigate theresidual fouling that is deposited on ultrafiltration and microfiltrationmembranes after usage. The membrane surfaces are investigated usinginfrared spectroscopy with an attenuated reflectance sampling unit and this isthesis work highlights the strengths and weaknesses of using infraredspectroscopy to investigate residual fouling on membranes and in particularthe challenges with the infrared penetration depth when layering in thesamples occurs.Real size production membrane cartridges at different stages of use fromDanmark Protein, Arla amba were the target of the investigations. However,in order to obtain samples sizes that fit in the sampling interface of theinfrared instrument the membranes were dissected into smaller pieces namedcoupons. In total four ultrafiltration membrane cartridges and twomicrofiltration membrane cartridges were investigated with Attenuated-Total-Reflection Fourier-Transform-Infrared (ATR FT-IR) to map theresidual fouling on both types of cartridges. The height of the characteristicamide peaks from proteins were used to determine the relativeconcentrations.The first investigation (Paper I) describes the concentration developmentover the membrane leaves as a function of the distance from the feed inletand the distance from the center permeate tube. A non-homogenousconcentration distribution of residual fouling was observed with the highestconcentration of residual fouling present at the center tube decreasing inconcentration outwards in a flame-like shape. The relative concentrationcalculations are based on the height of the amide II peak (1500-1550 cm-1)which was chosen because it unlike the amide I band has no interference withadsorbed water and other membrane constituents that can interfere with thecomputation.Based on the findings of the first investigation it was decided to develop anew method to evaluate the concentration of the residual fouling on real sizeproduction membranes as current best practice methods rely on univariateheight measurements that supply only information on the targeted residualfouling peak(s). In a second study (Paper II), it was decided to investigate theinfrared data of the membrane by applying multivariate curve resolution(MCR) in order to resolve the residual fouling from the membranecomponents. Indeed the result showed that the MCR model needed threefactors to describe the system, one describing the membrane material(polyethersulfone, PES), and two describing the residual fouling that ispresent on the membrane. The MCR method improved the interpretation ofthe models considerably compared to e.g. PCA or the univariate dataanalysis. However, it also became evident that the penetration depth of theinfrared beam creates additional complexity when measuring semi-solidlayered samples.In order to obtain an overview of the different analysis methods and dataanalysis methods that have been employed by other researchers whenstudying residual fouling on ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes aliterature review was conducted (Paper III). ATR FT-IR turned out to be acommonly used spectroscopic method to evaluate ultrafiltration membranes.The data analysis is most commonly performed univariate by calculatingheight of selected peaks along with identification of different chemicalentities especially when investigating grafting/grafted membranes. Paper IIIgives an overview of these different approaches and data analysis methodsand their results.In conclusion, the research in this thesis has shown how the application ofmultivariate infrared spectroscopy combined with new data analysis methodshas augmented the knowledge about residual fouling on real size productionmembranes. The information obtained can be used to investigate and monitorresidual membrane fouling and help in the design of new membranes andmembrane grafting that can be optimized for the purpose.

UR - https://soeg.kb.dk/permalink/45KBDK_KGL/fbp0ps/alma99121962488405763

M3 - Ph.D. thesis

BT - Investigation of Filtration Membranes from the Dairy Protein Industry for Residual Fouling Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

PB - Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen

ER -

ID: 142260499